Midsummer Nights Dream Essays (852 words) - Fiction, Greek Mythology

Midsummer Night's Dream More strange than true. I never may believe These antic fables nor these fairy toys. Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend More than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet Are of imagination all compact. One sees more devils than vast hell can hold: That is the madman. The lover, all as frantic Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt. The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Such tricks hath strong imagination That, if it would but apprehend some joy, It comprehends some bringer of that joy; Or in the night, imagining some fear, How easy is a bush supposed a bear! (V,i,2-22) Theseus, in Scene V of A Midsummer Night's Dream, expresses his doubt in the verisimilitude of the lover's recount of their night in the forest. He says that he has no faith in the ravings of lovers- or poets-, as they are as likely as madmen are to be divorced from reason. Coming, as it does, after the resolution of the lovers' dilemma, this monologue serves to dismiss most of the play a hallucinatory imaginings. Theseus is the voice of reason and authority but, he bows to the resulting change of affection brought about by the night's confused goings on, and allows Hermia, Lysander, Helena and Demetrius to marry where their hearts would have them. This place where the line between dream and reality blurs is an important theme of the play. Theseus is also a lover, but his affair with Hippolyta is based upon the cold reality of war, "Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, And won thy love doing thee injuries..."(I,i,16-17). He is eager to wed Hippolyta and marriage is the place where reason and judgement rule. He wins the hand of his bride through action not through flattery, kisses and sighs inspired by her beauty. In lines 4-6 of his monologue he dismisses the accounts of lovers and madmen on the grounds that they are both apt to imagine a false reality as being real. When, in I,i,56, Hermia tells Theseus, "I would my father looked but with my eyes", Theseus responds, "Rather your eyes must with his judgment look."(57). Theseus has a firm belief that the eyes of lovers are not to be trusted. That the eye of the lover "...Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt..."(11) is, to him, proof of this. It precisely by enchanting the eyes of the lovers that the faeries manage to create so much mayhem: "Flower of this purple dye, hit with cupid's archery, sink in apple of his eye! When his love he doth espy, let her shine as gloriously as the Venus of the sky."(III,ii,101-7) Puck doesn't change Helena's nature, nor does he change her features. When Lysander wakes, he beholds the same Helena that he's always despised and suddenly he is enthralled. For Theseus this is merely caprice and in no means grounded in reality. Theseus doubts even the existence of the faeries, believing the lovers have, at a loss to explain the inexplicable changes of heart they've experienced, dreamed them up: "And as imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown, the poet's pen turns them into shapes and gives to airy nothing a local habitation and a name."(14-17) A trick of the light, an abundance of shadows, lack of sleep, an overactive imagination or any one of these or million other causes are the most likely explanation. In equating lovers, poets and lunatics Theseus gets into interesting territory and serves to elevate lovers while he denounces them. The lunatic "...sees more devils than vast hell can hold.." while the poet's eye "...Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven..."(9-13); thus this same imagination is responsible for both mad ravings and great art. The concrete reality of earth co-exists with both heaven and hell as the Faerie world co-exists with the mortal world. A poet could, just as easily, be a lunatic depending on the nature of his visions. That lover's are often (bad) poets, is prime example of this interchangeability. "Such tricks hath strong imagination, that, if it would but apprehend a joy, it comprehends some bringer of that joy; or in the night imagining some fear, how easy is a bush supposed

Metonymy - Definition and Examples

Metonymy s Metonymy is a figure of speech (or trope) in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which its closely associated (such as crown for royalty). Metonymy is also the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it, as in describing someones clothing to characterize the individual. Adjective: metonymic. A variant of metonymy is synecdoche. Etymology: From the Greek, change of name Examples and Observations In a corner, a cluster of lab coats made lunch plans.(Karen Green, Bough Down. Siglio, 2013)Many standard items of vocabulary are metonymic. A red-letter day is important, like the feast days marked in red on church calendars. . . . On the level of slang, a redneck is a stereotypical member of the white rural working class in the Southern U.S., originally a reference to necks sunburned from working in the fields.(Connie Eble, Metonymy. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992)In Stockholm, Sweden, where Obama was traveling on Wednesday, the White House praised the vote and said that it would continue to seek support for a military response(David Espo, Obama Wins Backing From Senate Panel on Syria Strike. Associated Press, September 5, 2013)Whitehall prepares for a hung parliament.(The Guardian, January 1, 2009)Fear gives wings.(Romanian proverb)He used the events to show the Silicon Valley crowd that he was just like themand that he understood their financial needs better t han the suits on Wall Street.(Businessweek, 2003) I stopped at a bar and had a couple of double Scotches. They didnt do me any good. All they did was make me think of Silver Wig, and I never saw her again.(Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep) Using Part of an Expression for the Whole One of the favorite American metonymic processes is the one in which a part of a longer expression is used to stand for the whole expression. Here are some examples of the part of an expression for the whole expression metonymy in American English: Danish for Danish pastryshocks for shock absorberswallets for wallet-sized photosRidgemont High for Ridgemont High Schoolthe States for the United States (Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) The Real World and the Metonymic World [I]n the case of metonymy, . . . one object stands for another. For example, understanding the sentence The ham sandwich left a big tip. Involves identifying the ham sandwich with the thing he or she ate and setting up a domain in which the ham sandwich refers to the person. This domain is separate from the real world, in which the phrase ham sandwich refers to a ham sandwich. The distinction between the real world and the metonymic world can be seen in the sentence: The waitress spoke to the complaining ham sandwich and then she took it away. This sentence does not make sense; it uses the phrase ham sandwich to refer both to the person (in the metonymic world) and a ham sandwich (in the real world). (Arthur B. Markman, Knowledge Representation. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Going to Bed The following trivial metonymic [utterance] may serve as an illustration of an idealized cognitive model: (1) Lets go to bed now. Going to bed is typically understood metonymically in the sense of going to sleep. This metonymic target forms part of an idealized script in our culture: when I want to sleep, I first go to bed before I lie down and fall asleep. Our knowledge of this sequence of acts is exploited in metonymy: in referring to the initial act we evoke the whole sequence of acts, in particular the central act of sleeping. (Gà ¼nter Radden, The Ubiquity of Metonymy. Cognitive and Discourse Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy, ed. by Josà © Luis Otal Campo, Ignasi Navarro i Ferrando, and Begoà ±a Bellà ©s Fortuà ±o. Universitat Jaume, 2005) Metonymy in Cigarette Advertising Metonymy is common in cigarette advertising in countries where legislation prohibits depictions of the cigarettes themselves or of people using them. (Daniel Chandler, Semiotics. Routledge, 2007)Metonymic ads often feature a specific product attribute: Benson Hedges the gold cigarette box, Silk Cut the use of purple, Marlboro the use of red . . .. (Sean Brierley, The Advertising Handbook. Routledge, 1995)As a form of association, metonymy is particularly powerful in making arguments. It not only links two disparate signs but makes an implicit argument about their similarities. . . . One of the most famous cigarette slogans was developed by Sigmund Freuds nephew, Edward Bernays who, in creating the phrase Youve come a long way, baby! hoped to expunge the hussy label from women who smoked publicly by referring to cigarettes as torches of freedom. This was one of the early examples of an advertising slogan that relied on social context to be imbued with meaning. As with most good meto nyms, this image was linked with a cultural referent that aided in the persuasion. (Jonathan W. Rose, Making Pictures in Our Heads: Government Advertising in Canada. Greenwood, 2000) The Difference Between Metaphor and Metonymy Metaphor creates the relation between its objects, while metonymy presupposes that relation. (Hugh Bredin, Metonymy. Poetics Today, 1984)Metonymy and metaphor also have fundamentally different functions. Metonymy is about referring: a method of naming or identifying something by mentioning something else which is a component part or symbolically linked. In contrast, a metaphor is about understanding and interpretation: it is a means to understand or explain one phenomenon by describing it in terms of another. (Murray Knowles and Rosamund Moon, Introducing Metaphor. Routledge, 2006)If metaphor works by transposing qualities from one plane of reality to another, metonymy works by associating meanings within the same plane. . . . The representation of reality inevitably involves a metonym: we choose a part of reality to stand for the whole. The urban settings of television crime serials are metonyms- a photographed street is not meant to stand for the street itself, but as a metonym of a particular type of city lifeinner-city squalor, suburban respectability, or city-centre sophistication. (John Fiske, Introduction to Communication Studies, 2nd ed. Routledge, 1992) The Difference Between Metonymy and Synecdoche Metonymy resembles and is sometimes confused with the trope of synecdoche. While likewise based on a principle of contiguity, synecdoche occurs when a part is used to represent a whole or a whole to represent a part, as when workers are referred to as hands or when a national football team is signified by reference to the nation to which it belongs: England beat Sweden. As way of example, the saying that The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world illustrates the difference between metonymy and synecdoche. Here, the hand is a synecdochic representation of the mother of whom it is a part, while the cradle represents a child by close association. (Nina Norgaard, Beatrix Busse, and Rocà ­o Montoro, Key Terms in Stylistics. Continuum, 2010) Semantic Metonymy An oft-cited example of metonymy is the noun tongue, which designates not only a human organ but also a human capacity in which the organ plays a conspicuous part. Another noted example is the change of orange from the name of a fruit to the color of that fruit. Since orange refers to all instances of the color, this change also includes generalization. A third example (Bolinger, 1971) is the verb want, which once meant lack and changed to the contiguous sense of desire. In these examples, both senses still survive. Such examples are established; where several meanings survive, we have semantic metonymy: the meanings are related and also independent of each other. Orange is a polysemic word, its two distinct and nondependent meanings metonymically related. (Charles Ruhl, On Monosemy: A Study in Linguistic Semantics. SUNY Press, 1989) Discourse-Pragmatic Functions of Metonymy One of the most important discourse-pragmatic functions of metonymy is to enhance cohesion and coherence of the utterance. It is something that is already at the very heart of metonymy as a conceptual operation where one content stands for another but both are actively activated at least to some degree. In other words, metonymy is an efficient way of saying two things for the price of one, i.e. two concepts are activated while only one is explicitly mentioned (cf. Radden Kà ¶vecses 1999:19). This necessarily enhances the cohesion of an utterance because two topical concepts are referred to by means of one label, and there is consequently, at least nominally, less shifting or switching between these two topics. (Mario Brdar and Rita Brdar-Szabà ³, The (Non-)Metonymic Uses of Place Names in English, German, Hungarian, and Croatian. Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar, ed. by Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg, and Antonio Barcelona. John Benjamins, 2009) Pronunciation: me-TON-uh-me Also Known As: denominatio, misnamer, transmutation

SAM 344 UNIT 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SAM 344 UNIT 7 - Essay Example This makes it easier for fans to check information about the tickets prices that they can afford and pay for in advance, thus enhancing match attendance. The club has devised various marketing and pricing strategies for match tickets available as discussed below: The club offers an only one form of service; entertaining service in terms of live soccer match, which fans attend with an aim for enjoyment, as well as, entertainment. Since it is a service, prices of the tickets do fluctuate in prices with regard to rating of the opponent club as well as the significance of the match. Moreover, since soccer is an entertaining event, the overall prices of the tickets vary significantly during soccer seasons. This follows that many people love the sporting events, thus, potential attendance is normally high (Pitts & David, 2007). Therefore, the fans of the club do sacrifice in order to attend some of the matches in spite of some prevailing circumstances such as financial constraints and weather extremities. The club also offers service to members as well as non-members. Membership subscription is provided through payment of the subscription fee. The subscription is open to any person so long as the person has an interest in the club. The interest is shown through the provision of required fan support. There is variation in the manner of treatment of members and non-members. For instance, non – members are accorded some form of special treatment unlike non-members. This comes in terms of ticket charges as well as accessibility to some information about the club. Chelsea football club offers the sales of the match ticket online. Therefore, interested customers and soccer fans purchase football match tickets by accessing the club’s website. Online sale of a match ticket is advantageous in several means. First, any person wishing to attend the club’s soccer